The Ultimate Dinosaur Encyclopedia

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Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2007). Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages. Illustrated by Luis V. Rey. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-82419-7. LCCN 2006102491. OCLC 77486015 . Retrieved October 22, 2019. Fourth trochanter (projection where the caudofemoralis muscle attaches on the inner rear shaft) on the femur (thigh bone) is a sharp flange Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2007). Dinosaurs: the most complete, up-to-date encyclopedia for dinosaur lovers of all ages. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-82419-7. Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka, eds. (2004). The Dinosauria (2nded.). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25408-4. LCCN 2004049804. OCLC 154697781.

Restoration of six dromaeosaurid theropods: from left to right Microraptor, Velociraptor, Austroraptor, Dromaeosaurus, Utahraptor, and Deinonychus Scientists will probably never be certain of the largest and smallest dinosaurs to have ever existed. This is because only a tiny percentage of animals were ever fossilized and most of these remain buried in the earth. Few of the specimens that are recovered are complete skeletons, and impressions of skin and other soft tissues are rare. Rebuilding a complete skeleton by comparing the size and morphology of bones to those of similar, better-known species is an inexact art, and reconstructing the muscles and other organs of the living animal is, at best, a process of educated guesswork. [144] Comparative size of Argentinosaurus to the average human There were larger dinosaurs, but knowledge of them is based entirely on a small number of fragmentary fossils. Most of the largest herbivorous specimens on record were discovered in the 1970s or later, and include the massive Argentinosaurus, which may have weighed 80 000 to 100 000kilograms (90 to 110short tons) and reached lengths of 30 to 40 meters (98 to 131ft); some of the longest were the 33.5-meter (110ft) long Diplodocus hallorum [143] (formerly Seismosaurus), the 33-to-34-meter (108 to 112ft) long Supersaurus, [150] and 37-meter (121ft) long Patagotitan; and the tallest, the 18-meter (59ft) tall Sauroposeidon, which could have reached a sixth-floor window. The heaviest and longest dinosaur may have been Maraapunisaurus, known only from a now lost partial vertebral neural arch described in 1878. Extrapolating from the illustration of this bone, the animal may have been 58 meters (190ft) long and weighed 122 400 kg ( 270 000 lb). [143] However, as no further evidence of sauropods of this size has been found, and the discoverer, Cope, had made typographic errors before, it is likely to have been an extreme overestimation. [151] Paul, Gregory S., ed. (2000). The Scientific American Book of Dinosaurs (1sted.). New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-26226-6. LCCN 2001269051. OCLC 45256074. Lloyd, G.T.; Davis, K.E.; Pisani, D.; Tarver, J.E.; Ruta, R.; Sakamoto, M.; Hone, D.W.E.; Jennings, R.; Benton, M.J. (2008). "Dinosaurs and the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 275 (1650): 2483–2490. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2008.0715. PMC 2603200. PMID 18647715.MacLeod N.; etal. (1997). "The Cretaceous–Tertiary biotic transition". Journal of the Geological Society. 154 (2): 265–292. Bibcode: 1997JGSoc.154..265M. doi: 10.1144/gsjgs.154.2.0265. S2CID 129654916. Randall, Lisa (2015). Dark Matter and the Dinosaurs: The Astounding Interconnectedness of the Universe. New York: HarperCollins: Ecco. ISBN 978-0-06-232847-2. LCCN 2016427646. OCLC 962371431.

Alcober O.A & Martinez R.N. 2010. A new herrerasaurid (Dinosauria, Saurischia) from the Upper Triassic Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina. Zookeys. 63, 55–81. [4] Public enthusiasm for dinosaurs first developed in Victorian England, where in 1854, three decades after the first scientific descriptions of dinosaur remains, a menagerie of lifelike dinosaur sculptures was unveiled in London's Crystal Palace Park. The Crystal Palace dinosaurs proved so popular that a strong market in smaller replicas soon developed. In subsequent decades, dinosaur exhibits opened at parks and museums around the world, ensuring that successive generations would be introduced to the animals in an immersive and exciting way. [330] The enduring popularity of dinosaurs, in its turn, has resulted in significant public funding for dinosaur science, and has frequently spurred new discoveries. In the United States, for example, the competition between museums for public attention led directly to the Bone Wars of the 1880s and 1890s, during which a pair of feuding paleontologists made enormous scientific contributions. [331] a b Paul 2000, pp.140–168, chpt. 3: "Classification and Evolution of the Dinosaur Groups" by Thomas R. Holtz Jr.

World of the dinosaurs

Iggulden, Hal; Iggulden, Conn (2007). "Dinosaurs". The Dangerous Book for Boys. New York: HarperCollins. pp.30–34. ISBN 978-0061243585. Warm blooded animals have a high metabolic rate (use up food faster). They can be more active, and for longer, than animals who depend on the environment for heating. Therefore, the idea of warm-blooded dinosaurs insulated by feathers led to the idea that they were more active, intelligent and faster runners than previously thought. [20] The extinctions at the end of the Cretaceous were caused by a catastrophic event: a massive meteorite hit the Earth (the Chicxulub impact). We now know where it hit: in the Yucantan peninsula in what is now Mexico. University of Southampton (September 29, 2021). "Two New Species of Large Predatory Dinosaur With Crocodile-Like Skulls Discovered on Isle of Wight". SciTechDaily. a b Brett-Surman, M. K.; Holtz, Thomas R.; Farlow, James O. (June 27, 2012). The Complete Dinosaur. Indiana University Press. p.25. ISBN 978-0-253-00849-7.

a b Farlow & Brett-Surman 1997, pp. 3–11, chpt. 1: "The Earliest Discoveries" by William A.S. Sarjeant. Dodson, Peter; Gingerich, Philip D., eds. (1993). "Functional Morphology and Evolution". The American Journal of Science and Arts. A special volume of the American Journal of Science. New Haven, CT: Kline Geology Laboratory, Yale University. 293-A. ISSN 0002-9599. OCLC 27781160.Ferigolo, Jorge; Langer, Max C. (January 1, 2007). "A Late Triassic dinosauriform from south Brazil and the origin of the ornithischian predentary bone". Historical Biology. 19 (1): 23–33. doi: 10.1080/08912960600845767. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 85819339. Desmond, Adrian J. (1975). The Hot-Blooded Dinosaurs: A Revolution in Palaeontology. London: Blond & Briggs. ISBN 978-0-8037-3755-6. LCCN 76359907. OL 4933052M . Retrieved October 30, 2019. Gunther, Robert Theodore, ed. (1968) [First printed in Oxford 1945]. Life and Letters of Edward Lhwyd. Early Science in Oxford. Vol.XIV. Preface by Albert Everard Gunther (Reprinted.). London: Dawsons of Pall Mall. ISBN 978-0-7129-0292-2. LCCN 22005926. OCLC 43529321 . Retrieved November 4, 2019.