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See also: List of wars involving the People's Republic of China and Cross-Strait relations Map depicting territorial disputes between the PRC and neighboring states. For a larger map, see here. Waller, Derek J. (1973). The Kiangsi Soviet Republic: Mao and the National Congresses of 1931 and 1934 (PDF). University of California, Berkeley. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Bodde, Derk (1978). Denis Twitchett; Michael Loewe (eds.). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC – AD 220. Cambridge University Press. p.20. ISBN 978-0-521-24327-8.

For Economic history of China, see Economic history of China before 1912, Economic history of China (1912–1949), and Economic history of China (1949–present). John W. Garver (1997). The Sino-American alliance: Nationalist China and American Cold War strategy in Asia. M.E. Sharpe. p.169. ISBN 978-0-7656-0025-7 . Retrieved 2013-07-20. a b Phillips, Tom (24 October 2017). "Xi Jinping becomes most powerful leader since Mao with China's change to constitution". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2017-10-24 . Retrieved 2017-10-24.

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Dahlman, Carl J; Aubert, Jean-Eric. "China and the Knowledge Economy: Seizing the 21st century". World Bank Publications . Retrieved 2012-10-22.

China's first population fall since 1961 creates 'bleaker' outlook for country". the Guardian. 17 January 2023 . Retrieved 2023-01-21. Further information: 1911 Revolution, Second Sino-Japanese War, Chinese Civil War, and Chinese Communist RevolutionMain articles: Education in China, Higher education in China, and List of universities in China Beijing's Peking University, one of the top-ranked universities in China [492] [493] China abandons key parts of zero-Covid strategy after protests". BBC News. 7 December 2022 . Retrieved 2023-06-30. Chinese Religion | GRF". globalreligiousfutures.org. Archived from the original on 2019-05-21 . Retrieved 2023-08-19. a b Lewis, Mark Edward (2007). The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han. Belknap Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02477-9.

Brant, Robin (22 September 2021). "China pledges to stop building new coal energy plants abroad". BBC . Retrieved 2021-09-29. McDonell, Stephen (22 October 2022). "Hu Jintao: The mysterious exit of China's former leader from party congress". BBC News . Retrieved 2023-05-16. China was a world leader in science and technology until the Ming dynasty. [373] Ancient and medieval Chinese discoveries and inventions, such as papermaking, printing, the compass, and gunpowder (the Four Great Inventions), became widespread across East Asia, the Middle East and later Europe. Chinese mathematicians were the first to use negative numbers. [374] [375] By the 17th century, the Western World surpassed China in scientific and technological advancement. [376] The causes of this early modern Great Divergence continue to be debated by scholars. [377]China's climate is mainly dominated by dry seasons and wet monsoons, which lead to pronounced temperature differences between winter and summer. In the winter, northern winds coming from high-latitude areas are cold and dry; in summer, southern winds from coastal areas at lower latitudes are warm and moist. [146] Tan, Huileng (31 October 2017). "China wrote Belt and Road Initiative into the party constitution. That makes it riskier than ever". CNBC . Retrieved 2020-01-11. In the early Ming dynasty, China's capital was moved from Nanjing to Beijing. With the budding of capitalism, philosophers such as Wang Yangming critiqued and expanded Neo-Confucianism with concepts of individualism and equality of four occupations. [73] The scholar-official stratum became a supporting force of industry and commerce in the tax boycott movements, which, together with the famines and defense against Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) and Later Jin incursions led to an exhausted treasury. [74] In 1644, Beijing was captured by a coalition of peasant rebel forces led by Li Zicheng. The Chongzhen Emperor committed suicide when the city fell. The Manchu Qing dynasty, then allied with Ming dynasty general Wu Sangui, overthrew Li's short-lived Shun dynasty and subsequently seized control of Beijing, which became the new capital of the Qing dynasty. [75]

Barbosa, Duarte (1918). Dames, Mansel Longworth (ed.). The Book of Duarte Barbosa. Vol.II. London: Asian Educational Services. p.211. ISBN 978-81-206-0451-3. Deng, Kent (2015). China's Population Expansion and Its Causes during the Qing Period, 1644–1911 (PDF). p.1 . Retrieved 2023-08-28. China doesn’t recognise dual nationality. If you have both British and Chinese nationality you may be treated as a Chinese citizen by local authorities, even if you enter China on your British passport. If this is the case, the British Embassy may not be able to offer you consular assistance. The FCDO has published guidance on nationality in China. If you’ve formally renounced Chinese citizenship, you should carry evidence that you have done so. See Local laws and customs.The WHO said earlier on Wednesday that it had asked China for more information about clusters of pneumonia in children in northern China, stressing that such requests were “routine”. Although this is the present meaning of guó, in Old Chinese (when its pronunciation was something like /*qʷˤək/) [26] it meant the walled city of the Chinese and the areas they could control from them. [27] a b Bodde, Derk. (1986). "The State and Empire of Ch'in", in The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24327-0.