Baseline 12-1014 Plastic Finger Goniometer

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Jordan K. Assessment of published reliability studies for cer- vical range-of-motion measurement tools. J Manip Physiol Ther. 2000;23:180–195.

Smith et al specifically studied the use of photograph goniometry in the patient with Dupuytren disease and similarly found a high Pearson correlation coefficient (0.88) compared with manual goniometry and a high ICC (0.92) across different observers for the photograph measurements. 3 However, in that study the MP joints were excluded, all photographs were taken by physicians, and photographs were taken using a digital camera rather than a smartphone. Our study overcomes difficulty in visualizing the MP joint contractures by utilizing the straight edge of a pen in each image as a reference guide for angle measurement. In addition, this study compares photographs taken by professionals and those taken by untrained individuals such as patient family members and friends, allowing for a more realistic proxy for photographs obtained in a physically remote setting. Georgeu et al also tested photograph goniometry of the fingers and achieved a 1° difference between photograph goniometry and manual goniometry. 13 However, that study utilized a custom-made jig for uniform hand placement, a procedure too cumbersome and impractical for use in a busy clinic or telemedicine setting. Chiu HY, Su FC, Wang ST, Hsu HY: The motion analysis system and goniometry of the finger joints. J Hand Surg Br. 1998, 23: 788-791. 10.1016/S0266-7681(98)80098-3. Exploratory data analysis included obtaining descriptive statistics, searching for outliers, and assessing the normality of distribution of the appropriate data sets by means of Shapiro-Wilk tests and the analysis of histograms and Q-Q plots. Analysis of the study parts A Robins RH: Hand assessment charts. J Hand Surg Br. 1986, 11: 287-298. 10.1016/0266-7681(86)90287-1.

Barnhart HX, Haber MJ, Lin LI: An overview on assessing agreement with continuous measurements. J Biopharm Stat. 2007, 17: 529-569. 10.1080/10543400701376480. Jones A, Sealey R, Crowe M, Gordon S. Concurrent validity and reliability of the simple goniometer iPhone app compared with the universal goniometer. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice. 2014; 30 (7): 512–516. Hayen A, Dennis RJ, Finch CF: Determining the intra- and inter-observer reliability of screening tools used in sports injury research. J Sci Med Sport. 2007, 10: 201-210. 10.1016/j.jsams.2006.09.002. The finding of this study that the measurements of the distal interphalangeal joint are relatively less consistent corresponds to the results of the earlier research [ 2, 26, 33, 37]. This phenomenon may be associated with the stabilization difficulty of the less powered interphalangeal joints and limited phalangeal length available for the alignment of the arms of goniometers. The results of the current study also corroborate the observations of the other researchers that intra-rater reliability is better than inter-rater reliability [ 2, 6, 7, 23, 25, 26, 28, 33]. In evaluating any new method of ROM measurement, accuracy is crucial, but the method must also remain easily accessible to patients and clinicians. Recent advances in smartphone photography have introduced a new ubiquitous platform for photo goniometry. With nearly two-thirds of Americans owning a smartphone, 6 the cameras on these devices would easily allow patients to remotely send images and videos to physicians for clinical evaluation. Smartphone photography has the potential to facilitate telemedicine, increasing patient access and simplifying long-term follow-up. However, smartphone goniometry has yet to be validated for ROM measurements in the digits.

For continuous variables, the most common measure of relative reliability is intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) accompanied by appropriate analysis of variance (ANOVA) [ 40]. Differently from the previous studies, which used the popular models of ICCs described by Shrout and Fleiss [ 42], the current investigation employed concurrent assessment of reliability proposed by Eliasziw et al. [ 43]. Unlike calculating the traditional ICCs, the method of concurrent assessment allows simultaneous estimation of intra-rater and inter-rater reliability along with the hypothesis testing in cases when multiple raters evaluate multiple subjects and perform more than one measurement per subject. In respect to the traditional models, the concurrent methodology has been cited as a more advantageous approach [ 44]. Flowers KR, LaStayo P: Effect of total end range time on improving passive range of motion. J Hand Ther. 1994, 7: 150-157. 10.1016/S0894-1130(12)80056-1. Hamilton GF, Lachenbruch PA: Reliability of goniometers in assessing finger joint angle. Phys Ther. 1969, 49: 465-469. Walter SD, Eliasziw M, Donner A: Sample size and optimal designs for reliability studies. Stat Med. 1998, 17: 101-110. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19980115)17:1<101::AID-SIM727>3.0.CO;2-E.Macdermid JC, Fox E, Richards RS, Roth JH: Validity of pulp-to-palm distance as a measure of finger flexion. J Hand Surg Br. 2001, 26: 432-435. 10.1054/jhsb.2001.0612. The procedure protocol also included relaxation of the subject’s hand between the measurements and short breaks between the evaluation sessions. As the length of the evaluation sessions differed from rater to rater, the intervals between sessions also varied. The participants were free to choose longer brakes if they felt tired. Evaluation of diagrams The EZ Read Jamar Goniometer is a manual medical goniometer designed to measure range of motion and dexterity in small joints. The simple design enables easy patient measurements. Use to measure range of motion, movement improvements, and dysfunction in patients. The EZ Read Jamar Goniometer is excellent for patients that have difficulties bending and flexing joints and are participating in a rehab and recovery program. Varying Size Options Milanese S et al. Reliability and concurrent validity of knee angle measurement: Smart phone app versus universal goniometer used by experienced and novice clinicians. Manual Therapy, 2014; 5: 1–6. To find whether the try-angle guides significantly changed the observed angles of the PIP joint, multiple Wilcoxon signed-rank tests with Bonferroni correction were performed for each rater-instrument-position-subposition data set in respect to the baseline joint angles obtained by using the smallest standard angles. Then the standard differences between the angles of the appropriate try-angles (i.e., between the standard angles) were calculated in respect of the smallest standard angles. Next, the lowest significant standard differences were found between the smallest standard angles and the angles of the try-angles, application of which produced significant changes in the observed PIP joint angles (Additional file 6). The lowest significant standard differences were compared with each other and with the corresponding values of the MDC derived from the SEMs of the study parts A. Analysis of reliability of the diagram evaluation