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One well-studied example of fishery collapse is the Pacific sardine Sadinops sagax caerulues fishery off the California coast. From a 1937 peak of 790,000 long tons (800,000t) the catch steadily declined to only 24,000 long tons (24,000t) in 1968, after which the fishery was no longer economically viable. [93] Finlets: Small fins generally between the dorsal and the caudal fins, but may also be between the anal fin and the caudal fin. In bichirs, there are only finlets on the dorsal surface and no dorsal fin. In some fish such as tuna or sauries, they are rayless, non-retractable, and found between the last dorsal or anal fin and the caudal fin.

Fishes are a paraphyletic group and for this reason, groups such as the class Pisces seen in older reference works are no longer used in formal classifications. Traditional classification divides fish into three extant classes, and with extinct forms sometimes classified within the tree, sometimes as their own classes: [16] [17] The strict biological definition of a fish, above, is sometimes called a true fish. True fish are also referred to as finfish or fin fish to distinguish them from other aquatic life harvested in fisheries or aquaculture. Main articles: Commercial fishing, Fishing industry, Aquaculture, and Fish farming These fish-farming ponds were created as a cooperative project in a rural village. Fish counter display at the Oulu Market Hall in Oulu, Finland. Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp.345–349. ISBN 978-0-03-910284-5.Kuraku; Hoshiyama, D; Katoh, K; Suga, H; Miyata, T; etal. (December 1999). "Monophyly of Lampreys and Hagfishes Supported by Nuclear DNA–Coded Genes". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 49 (6): 729–35. Bibcode: 1999JMolE..49..729K. doi: 10.1007/PL00006595. PMID 10594174. S2CID 5613153. Araújo, Andréa Soares de; do Nascimento, Wallace Silva; Yamamoto, Maria Emília; Chellappa, Sathyabama (2012). "Temporal Dynamics of Reproduction of the Neotropical Fish,Crenicichla menezesi(Perciformes: Cichlidae)". The Scientific World Journal. Hindawi Limited. 2012: 1–10. doi: 10.1100/2012/579051. ISSN 1537-744X. PMC 3415153. PMID 22919339.

Hoyle G, Wiersma CA (1977). Identified neurons and behavior of arthropods. Plenum Press. ISBN 978-0-306-31001-0. Planet Catfish. "Cat-eLog: Heptapteridae: Phreatobius: Phreatobius sp. (1)". Planet Catfish. Archived from the original on 23 October 2006 . Retrieved 26 November 2006. Yancey, PH; Gerringer, ME; Drazen, JC; Rowden, AA; Jamieson, A (2014). "Marine fish may be biochemically constrained from inhabiting the deepest ocean depths". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 111 (12): 4461–4465. Bibcode: 2014PNAS..111.4461Y. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1322003111. PMC 3970477. PMID 24591588. The liver is a large vital organ present in all fish. It has a wide range of functions, including detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion. It is very susceptible to contamination by organic and inorganic compounds because they can accumulate over time and cause potentially life-threatening conditions. Because of the liver's capacity for detoxification and storage of harmful components, it is often used as an environmental biomarker. [40] Heart [ edit ] Blood flow through the heart: sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, and outflow tract Cardiovascular cycle in a fish

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a b c d e f Farrell, Anthony P, ed. (1 June 2011). Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology: From Genome to Environment. Stevens, E Don; Cech Jr., Joseph J; Richards, Jeffrey G. Academic Press. p.2315. ISBN 978-0-08-092323-9. Archived from the original on 6 December 2016 . Retrieved 13 March 2016.

The brain stem or myelencephalon is the brain's posterior. [57] As well as controlling some muscles and body organs, in bony fish at least, the brain stem governs respiration and osmoregulation. [57] A.G. Zapata, A. Chiba and A. Vara. Cells and tissues of the immune system of fish. In: The Fish Immune System: Organism, Pathogen and Environment. Fish Immunology Series. (eds. G. Iwama and T.Nakanishi,), New York, Academic Press, 1996, pp. 1–55. a b c d Nelson, Joseph, S. (2016). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. {{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link)Albert, J.S., and W.G.R. Crampton. 2005. "Electroreception and electrogenesis". pp. 431–472 in The Physiology of Fishes, 3rd ed. D.H. Evans and J.B. Claiborne (eds.). CRC Press. Gilbert, Scott F. (1994). Developmental Biology (4thed.). Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc. pp. 781. ISBN 978-0-87893-249-8.

Simmons PJ, Young D (1999). Nerve cells and animal behaviour. Cambridge University Press. p.43. ISBN 978-0-521-62726-9. a b c Romer, A.S. (1949): The Vertebrate Body. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia. (2nd ed. 1955; 3rd ed. 1962; 4th ed. 1970) a b Ziolkowski, Jan M. (2007). Fairy Tales from Before Fairy Tales: The Medieval Latin Past of Wonderful Lies. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p.80. ISBN 978-0-472-03379-9. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023 . Retrieved 12 December 2020. Threatened and Endangered Species: Pallid Sturgeon Scaphirhynchus Fact Sheet". Archived from the original on 26 November 2005 . Retrieved 18 March 2016. A typical fish is ectothermic, has a streamlined body for rapid swimming, extracts oxygen from water using gills or uses an accessory breathing organ to breathe atmospheric oxygen, has two sets of paired fins, usually one or two (rarely three) dorsal fins, an anal fin, and a tail fin, has jaws, has skin that is usually covered with scales, and lays eggs.Postovulatory follicles are structures formed after oocyte release; they do not have endocrine function, present a wide irregular lumen, and are rapidly reabsorbed in a process involving the apoptosis of follicular cells. A degenerative process called follicular atresia reabsorbs vitellogenic oocytes not spawned. This process can also occur, but less frequently, in oocytes in other development stages. [62] Rigby, C.L.; Barreto, R.; Carlson, J.; Fernando, D.; Fordham, S.; Francis, M.P.; Herman, K.; Jabado, R.W.; Liu, K.M.; Lowe, C.G.; Marshall, A.; Pacoureau, N.; Romanov, E.; Sherley, R.B.; Winker, H. (2019). " Carcharodon carcharias". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T3855A2878674 . Retrieved 19 December 2019. Prosser, C. Ladd (18 March 1991). "Introduction: Definition of Comparative Physiology: Theory of Adaptation". In Prosser, C. Ladd (ed.). Environmental and metabolic animal physiology. New York: Wiley-Liss. pp.1–2. ISBN 0-471-85767-X. OCLC 22906165. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021 . Retrieved 3 July 2021. a b Meisner, A & Burns, J: Viviparity in the Halfbeak Genera Dermogenys and Nomorhamphus (Teleostei: Hemiramphidae)" Journal of Morphology 234, pp. 295–317, 1997