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Much of the remainder of the second treatise is a commentary on this paragraph. The state of nature and the social contract The manuscripts, Letter from Andrew Millar to Thomas Cadell, 16 July, 1765. University of Edinburgh". www.millar-project.ed.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016 . Retrieved 2 June 2016. In the conflict, Catholics and Protestants decimated one another. This was not unique to England, which saw the importation of Protestantism when King Henry VIII was denied a divorce by the Catholic Pope in 1534. for a quite different conception of knowledge. 2.3 Human knowledge in natural philosophy (sensitive knowledge)

First, however, we will examine the problematic phenomena. 3.2 Limitations of the corpuscular hypothesis Elze, M (1958), "Grotius, Hugo", Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart (in German) 2(3):1885–1886. whenever the Legislators endeavor to take away, and destroy the Property of the People, or to reduce them to Slavery under Arbitrary Power, they put themselves into a state of War with the People, who are thereupon absolved from any farther Obedience, and are left to the common Refuge, which God hath provided for all Men, against Force and Violence. Whensoever therefore the Legislative shall transgress this fundamental Rule of Society; and either by Ambition, Fear, Folly or Corruption, endeavor to grasp themselves, or put into the hands of any other an Absolute Power over the Lives, Liberties, and Estates of the People; By this breach of Trust they forfeit the Power, the People had put into their hands, for quite contrary ends, and it devolves to the People, who have a Right to resume their original Liberty.a b Kenyon, John (1977). Revolution Principles: The Politics of Party. 1689–1720. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. The clichéd question of whether a tree falling in an uninhabited forest makes a sound was inspired by Berkeley’s philosophy, though he never considered it in those terms. He did, however, consider the implicit objection and gave various answers to it. He sometimes said that a table in an unperceived room would be perceived if someone were there. That conditional response, however, is inadequate. Granted that the table would exist if it were perceived, does it exist when it is not perceived? Berkeley’s more pertinent answer was that even when no human is perceiving a table or other such object, God is, and it is God’s thinking that keeps the otherwise unperceived object in existence.

monarchs have no legitimate absolute power over their subjects. 4.1 The Second Treatise of Government

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Taylor, Charles (1989). Sources of the Self: The Making of Modern Identity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. a b Murphy, Mekado (23 April 2014). "A Road Movie, but With No Rest Stops". The New York Times . Retrieved 28 July 2014. Robinson, Dave; Groves, Judy (2003), Introducing Political Philosophy, Icon Books, ISBN 978-1-84046-450-4

Rousseau, George S. (2004), Nervous Acts: Essays on Literature, Culture and Sensibility, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 978-1-4039-3453-6 On June 10, 1688, James II announced the birth of a son, and suddenly there was the specter of a Catholic succession. This convinced Tories, as English defenders of royal absolutism were known, to embrace Whig ideas of rebellion. The Dutchman William of Orange, who had married Mary, the Protestant daughter of James II, agreed to assume power in England as William III and recognize the supremacy of Parliament. On November 5, 1688, William crossed the English Channel with ships and soldiers. James II summoned English forces, but they were badly split between Catholics and Protestants. Within a month, James II fled to France. This was the “Glorious Revolution,” so-called because it helped secure Protestant succession and Parliamentary supremacy without violence. Fumerton, Richard (2000). "Foundationalist Theories of Epistemic Justification". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 24 April 2018 . Retrieved 19 August 2018. Years after his death we are still gauging his impact on Western thought. His theories concerning the separation of Church and State, religious freedom, and liberty, not only influenced European thinkers such as the French Enlightenment writer, Voltaire but shaped the thinking of America's founders, from Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson. Tis a Mistake to think this Fault [tyranny] is proper only to Monarchies; other Forms of Government are liable to it, as well as that. For where-ever the Power that is put in any hands for the Government of the People, and the Preservation of their Properties, is applied to other ends, and made use of to impoverish, harass, or subdue them to the Arbitrary and Irregular Commands of those that have it: There it presently becomes Tyranny, whether those that thus use it are one or many.

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Along with Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, he was also one of the originators of Contractarianism (or Social Contract Theory), which formed the theoretical groundwork of democracy, republicanism and modern Liberalism and Libertarianism. He is sometimes referred to as the "Philosopher of Freedom", and his political views influenced both the American and French Revolutions. Life